NADPH Oxidase–Driven Oxidative Stress  and an Interplay of SOD and Vitamin C in Chronic Bronchitis.

Anita Raut

Original Research Articles

NADPH Oxidase–Driven Oxidative Stress and an Interplay of SOD and Vitamin C in Chronic Bronchitis.

Anita Raut a:1:{s:5:"en_US";s:6:"DVVPFS";}

Published: 2026-03-27

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Abstract

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a progressive condition characterized by irreversible airflow limitation and an abnormal inflammatory response in the lungs. Extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD) is an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory enzyme highly concentrated in lung tissue and lining fluids. COPD progression is believed to be driven by the release of free radicals and redox-sensitive proteases, leading to small airway inflammation, fibrosis, and alveolar wall destruction. EC-SOD plays a critical role in scavenging free radicals and modulating inflammation associated with COPD.

In this study, we investigated the role of EC-SOD in 100 healthy controls and 60 lung disease patients with COPD . Baseline clinical and biochemical parameters were assessed. The results showed a significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels (p < 0.001) and a significant decrease in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and vitamin E levels (p < 0.001) in COPD patients compared to healthy controls. These findings suggest that reduced antioxidant defenses, particularly lower levels of SOD and vitamin E, contribute to increased oxidative stress, which may play a key role in the pathogenesis and progression of COPD.

Keywords

Oxidative stress Chronic bronchitis Vitamin C NADPH oxidase Superoxide dismutase

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Raut, A. (2026). NADPH Oxidase–Driven Oxidative Stress and an Interplay of SOD and Vitamin C in Chronic Bronchitis. International Journal of Clinical and Biomedical Research, 11(1), 57–60. Retrieved from https://sumathipublications.com/index.php/ijcbr/article/view/513

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References

1-Peter J. Barnes Oxidative Stress in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseas National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW5 9LH, UK Antioxidants 2022, 11(5), 965; doi: 10.3390/antiox11050965.
2-Barnes, P.J.; Baker, J.; Donnelly, L.E. Cellular senescence as a mechanism and target in chronic lung diseases. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2019, 200, 556–564.
doi: 10.1164/rccm.201810-1975TR.
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doi: 10.1007/s10753-006-8965-3..
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doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.01.046.
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6-Siedlinski M, Postma DS, van Diemen CC, Blokstra A, Smit HA, Boezen HM. Lung function loss, smoking, vitamin C intake, and polymorphisms of the glutamate-cysteine ligase genes. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008;178(1):13–19. doi: 10.1164/rccm.200711-1749OC. Epub 2008 Apr 17.
7-Mulani, M. R., Deshmukh, S., Masaram, S. W., & Bhave, D. (2023). A study of vitamin C, superoxide dismutase and FEV1/FVC ratio in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 12(1), 159–163.DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20233992
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10-The estimation of vitamin ‘C’ (Ascorbic acid) in plasma by caraway Method.Practical Clinical Biochemistry Page No. 928.
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12-Arvind Panday , Malaya K Sahoo , Diana Osorio , Sanjay Batra NADPH oxidases: an overview from structure to innate immunity-associated pathologies,Cellular and Molecular Immunology,2014 Sep 29;12(1):5–23. doi: 10.1038/cmi.2014.89
13-Negre-Salvayre, A.; Coatrieux, C.; Ingueneau, C.; Salvayre, R. Advanced lipid peroxidation end products in oxidative damage to proteins. Potential role in diseases and therapeutic prospects for the inhibitors. Br. J. Pharmacol 2008, 153, 6–20. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707395. Epub 2007 Jul 23.
14-Sorheim, I.C.; DeMeo, D.L.; Washko, G.; Litonjua, A.; Sparrow, D.; Bowler, R.; Bakke, P.; Pillai, S.G.; Coxson, H.O.; Lomas, D.A.; et al. Polymorphisms in the superoxide dismutase-3 gene are associated with emphysema in COPD. COPD J. Chronic. Obstr. Pulm. Dis. 2010, 7, 262–268 doi: 10.3109/15412555.2010.496821.
15-Dey, Debkanya; Sengupta, Sayoni; Bhattacharyya, ParthasarathiLong-term use of Vitamin-C in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,Lung India 38(5):p 500-501, September–October 2021. | DOI: 10.4103/lungindia.lungindia_959_20
16-Schunemann HJ, Grant BJ, Freudenheim JL, et al. The relation of serum levels of antioxidant vitamins C and E, retinol and carotenoids with pulmonary function in the general population. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;163(5):1246–1255,doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.163.5.2007135..
17-Dr Sofia Shoukat, Dr Sajjad Khan, Dr Maria Sarfraz, Dr Maheen Saad, Dr Lubna Siddique, & Dr Sajid Khan. (2024). antioxidant vitamins (a, c and e) and malondialdehyde levels in acute exacerbation and stable periods of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(6), 2330-2335. doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v31i6.6894

Published In: Volume 11,Issue 1; 2026

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

[1] 1-Peter J. Barnes Oxidative Stress in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseas National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW5 9LH, UK Antioxidants 2022, 11(5), 965; doi: 10.3390/antiox11050965.

[2] 2-Barnes, P.J.; Baker, J.; Donnelly, L.E. Cellular senescence as a mechanism and target in chronic lung diseases. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2019, 200, 556–564.

[3] doi: 10.1164/rccm.201810-1975TR.

[4] 3-Nadeem A, Raj HG, Chhabra SK. Increased oxidative stress and altered levels of antioxidants in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Inflammation 2005;29:23–32

[5] doi: 10.1007/s10753-006-8965-3..

[6] 4-Wiegman CH, Michaeloudes C, Haji G, Narang P, Clarke CJ, Russell KE, Bao W, Pavlidis S, Barnes PJ, Kanerva J, Bittner A, Rao N, Murphy MP, Kirkham PA, Chung KF, Adcock IM; Oxidative stress-induced mitochondrial dysfunction drives inflammation and airway smooth muscle remodeling in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,J Allergy clin. immunology 2015 Sep;136(3):769-80.

[7] doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.01.046.

[8] 5-Agnieszka Gęgotek and Elżbieta Skrzydlewska Antioxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Ascorbic Acid Antioxidants 2022, 11(10), 1993; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11101993

[9] 6-Siedlinski M, Postma DS, van Diemen CC, Blokstra A, Smit HA, Boezen HM. Lung function loss, smoking, vitamin C intake, and polymorphisms of the glutamate-cysteine ligase genes. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008;178(1):13–19. doi: 10.1164/rccm.200711-1749OC. Epub 2008 Apr 17.

[10] 7-Mulani, M. R., Deshmukh, S., Masaram, S. W., & Bhave, D. (2023). A study of vitamin C, superoxide dismutase and FEV1/FVC ratio in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 12(1), 159–163.DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20233992

[11] 8-Estimation of lipid peroxide (MDA) by Kei satoh method.

[12] 9-Kajari Das, Luna Samanta and GBN chainy A modified spectrophotometric assay of superoxide dismutase using nitrite formation superoxide radicals. Indian Journal of Biochem and Biophysics Vol 37. June 2000: 201-204.

[13] 10-The estimation of vitamin ‘C’ (Ascorbic acid) in plasma by caraway Method.Practical Clinical Biochemistry Page No. 928.

[14] 11-Agustí, A.; Hogg, J.C. Update on the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 2019, 381, 1248–1256,doi: 10.1056/NEJMra1900475.

[15] 12-Arvind Panday , Malaya K Sahoo , Diana Osorio , Sanjay Batra NADPH oxidases: an overview from structure to innate immunity-associated pathologies,Cellular and Molecular Immunology,2014 Sep 29;12(1):5–23. doi: 10.1038/cmi.2014.89

[16] 13-Negre-Salvayre, A.; Coatrieux, C.; Ingueneau, C.; Salvayre, R. Advanced lipid peroxidation end products in oxidative damage to proteins. Potential role in diseases and therapeutic prospects for the inhibitors. Br. J. Pharmacol 2008, 153, 6–20. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707395. Epub 2007 Jul 23.

[17] 14-Sorheim, I.C.; DeMeo, D.L.; Washko, G.; Litonjua, A.; Sparrow, D.; Bowler, R.; Bakke, P.; Pillai, S.G.; Coxson, H.O.; Lomas, D.A.; et al. Polymorphisms in the superoxide dismutase-3 gene are associated with emphysema in COPD. COPD J. Chronic. Obstr. Pulm. Dis. 2010, 7, 262–268 doi: 10.3109/15412555.2010.496821.

[18] 15-Dey, Debkanya; Sengupta, Sayoni; Bhattacharyya, ParthasarathiLong-term use of Vitamin-C in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,Lung India 38(5):p 500-501, September–October 2021. | DOI: 10.4103/lungindia.lungindia_959_20

[19] 16-Schunemann HJ, Grant BJ, Freudenheim JL, et al. The relation of serum levels of antioxidant vitamins C and E, retinol and carotenoids with pulmonary function in the general population. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;163(5):1246–1255,doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.163.5.2007135..

[20] 17-Dr Sofia Shoukat, Dr Sajjad Khan, Dr Maria Sarfraz, Dr Maheen Saad, Dr Lubna Siddique, & Dr Sajid Khan. (2024). antioxidant vitamins (a, c and e) and malondialdehyde levels in acute exacerbation and stable periods of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(6), 2330-2335. doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v31i6.6894